Mechanism of Action

Penetrating cations enhance uncoupling activity of anionic protonophores inmitochondria.

Antonenko et al, (2013), PLoS One, 8(4) : e61902

Role of charge screening and delocalization for lipophilic cation permeability of model and mitochondrial membranes.

Trendeleva et al (2013), Mitochondrion. 13:500-6.

Derivatives of the cationic plant alkaloids berberine and palmatine amplify protonophorous activity of fatty acids in model membranes and mitochondria.

Pustovidko et al (2013), Mitochondrion. 13:520-5

Electrogenic proton transport across lipid bilayer membranes mediated by cationic derivatives of rhodamine 19: comparison with anionic protonophores.

Rokitskaya at al., (2013), Eur Biophys J. 42(6):477-85.

The Werner syndrome gene product (WRN): a repressor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity.

Labbé et al (2012) Exp Cell Res. 318:1620-32.

Superoxide scavenging activity of plastoquinone derivative 10-(6'-plastoquinonyl)decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ1).

Chistyakov et al (2012), Biochemistry (Mosc). 77:776-8

Substitution of ether linkage for ester bond in phospholipids increases permeability of bilayer lipid membrane for SkQ1-type penetrating cations.

Il’yasova et al (2012), Biochemistry (Mosc), 77:1038-43

Effect of liposomes on energy-dependent uptake of the antioxidant SkQR1 by isolated mitochondria.

Antonenko et al (2012), J Bioenerg. Biomembr., 44:453-60

Derivatives of rhodamine 19 as mild mitochondria-targeted cationic uncouplers.

Antonenko et al. (2011), J. Biol. Chem., 286:17831-40.

Mitochondria-targeted penetrating cations as carriers of hydrophobic anions through lipid membranes.

Rokitskaya et al. (2010),Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1798:1698-706

Mitochondria as source of reactive oxygen species under oxidative stress. Study with novel mitochondria-targeted antioxidants--the "Skulachev-ion" derivatives.

Izyumov et al. (2010), Biochemistry (Mosc). 75:123-9.

Prevention of cardiolipin oxidation and fatty acid cycling as two antioxidant mechanisms of cationic derivatives of plastoquinone (SkQs).

Skulachev et al. (2010), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1797:878-89.

Penetrating cation/fatty acid anion pair as a mitochondria-targeted protonophore.

Severin et al. (2010), Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. U S A., 107:663-8.

Chain-breaking antioxidant activity of reduced forms of mitochondria-targeted quinones, a novel type of geroprotectors.

Roginsky et al. (2009), Aging (Albany NY). 1:481-9

Kinetic analysis of permeation of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants across bilayer lipid membranes.

Rokitskaya et al. (2008), J. Membr. Biol. 224:9-19.

Mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone derivatives as tools to interrupt execution of the aging program. 1. Cationic plastoquinone derivatives: synthesis and in vitro studies.

Antonenko YN et al. (2008), Biochemistry (Mosc), 73:1273-87.